> while ARM does provide a reference implementation of the architecture, vendors are free to customize it at will, or even roll their own implementations
A nitpick, but this is only true for some vendors, depending on their license, and is very much company-by-company. Many vendors, even big names like Meta, don't have the ability to roll their own. And even for the ones who do, 'customize at will' is a bit strong, as ARM very much does want to maintain uniformity across userspace implementations. E.g. Nvidia shouldn't add new traps for architecturally-legal behavior, since then code compiled for Apple hardware wouldn't work on Grace. Or worse, not trap for architecturally-illegal behavior, since then code compiled for Grace might not work for anyone else at all!
On this theme of it not being just about security: if you have a bug like a use after free and it happens to cover a function pointer, the nx bit can ensure that when you follow that pointer through a call, you get a clean trap as close to the failure point as possible. If it blindly executed stale bytes as code, maybe the crash and stack trace doesn't look as nice.
But then, a lot of correctness bugs like that are also security problems.
I appreciated this article. I've asked our CSP guy the difference, but this helps me better understand device vs ns. I also appreciate that this doesn't appear AI written.
This is doubly weird because actually purposefully executing from device memory is not allowed: “Trying to execute code from a region marked as Device is UNPREDICTABLE.” So: can’t reliably execute from there but can speculatively instruction fetch from there. Funsies!
Basically, the NX bit prevents CPU behavior (speculative fetches) that had a hand in Spectre-type vulnerabilities. That's surprising because that's not its purpose. This is for ARM CPUs.
No, NX precedes Spectre by a long shot. It was originally intended so an attacker couldn't use a buffer overflow to change the PC and execute directly out of the attacker-controlled buffer.
In an attempt to go fast and beat benchmarks and other computers, CPUs attempt to speculatively execute code, and then later undo the results of the speculation if it turns out it was wrong. This causes all sorts of security issues (spectre, meltdown, and friends et al.) even when it's done relatively competently.
When it's done incompetently as on this ARM implementation, then you can't even run perfectly good and correct code, because the CPU will attempt speculative execution on a location that you never asked it to execute code at, and then bork itself when it realizes that can't possibly work.
Naturally, this is the sort of problem that requires tedious dissection of what exactly happened, and copious amounts of alcohol.
Honestly feels like a misdesign in ARM. Where does it ever make sense for Device memory to not be data prefetchable, but allow instruction prefetch? It should IMHO disable all prefetch…
Hot take: NX bit is shit W^X is shit. proper JIT is having objects written as needed, and cache line flushing is full bullshit, we need self modifying code as a first class citizen and with modern techiques we can have it work and not be crazy slow, it is currently cuz shits fucked, but we can do better.
Disallowing smc is a significant perf/power win. For cpus that run a large variety of large code (e.g. a web browser or ux stack), being able to cache a large instruction footprint and fetch/decode it quickly is important. Having to have the icache snoop data writes and entangle the i-fetch with the store buffer machinery would be a huge penalty to pay for a niche use case. Unlike loads, which are a small fraction of instructions to disambiguate with stores, you'd have to disambiguate every single instruction.
JIT is important to Apple platforms, and they seem to manage to make it work well enough even with the need for explicit invalidation.
So that is only true because we do it, there is a world where we optimize differently and that self modifying version works better, reread the synthesis kernel thesis(one, it is super easy, two they did this), we could have hardware that does this. Because we don't have hardware that does this we don't
Yeah, that works okay, but really is a you shouldn't, with pipelining you lose all the predictive decoding. The Synthesis kernel did some cool ass shit with this, but failed in other architectures due to pipelining, which speeds up shit, but change the opcodes(with other instructions(ie selfmodyfing code)) and shit gets flushed.
A nitpick, but this is only true for some vendors, depending on their license, and is very much company-by-company. Many vendors, even big names like Meta, don't have the ability to roll their own. And even for the ones who do, 'customize at will' is a bit strong, as ARM very much does want to maintain uniformity across userspace implementations. E.g. Nvidia shouldn't add new traps for architecturally-legal behavior, since then code compiled for Apple hardware wouldn't work on Grace. Or worse, not trap for architecturally-illegal behavior, since then code compiled for Grace might not work for anyone else at all!
But then, a lot of correctness bugs like that are also security problems.
https://support.arm.com/documentation/100941/0101/Memory-typ...
When it's done incompetently as on this ARM implementation, then you can't even run perfectly good and correct code, because the CPU will attempt speculative execution on a location that you never asked it to execute code at, and then bork itself when it realizes that can't possibly work.
Naturally, this is the sort of problem that requires tedious dissection of what exactly happened, and copious amounts of alcohol.
JIT is important to Apple platforms, and they seem to manage to make it work well enough even with the need for explicit invalidation.
(Or did you confuse cache flushing with TLB flushing? The remap does the latter, not the former.)